McNamara's intentional distortion of events prevented Congress from providing the civilian oversight of military matters so fundamental to the congressional charter. The Truth About Tonkin. 3. In large part due to the passage of this resolution, American forces became even more deeply mired in the Vietnam War. In exchange for Lee's surrender, Grant offered With the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, the United States committed its full strength to the conflict. Five nations with a multiparty system of government.conduct a brief search of secondary source to find a answer. The truth was very different. The simple answer is that the Norwegian Navy has a long and murky history of cooperation with American intelligence. for Confede Pat Bauer graduated from Ripon College in 1977 with a double major in Spanish and Theatre. You've read 1 out of 5 free articles of Naval History this month. 2. In response, the North Vietnamese built up their naval presence around the offshore islands. The United States denied involvement. And what about the North Vietnamese battle report that seemed to provide irrefutable confirmation of the attack? McMasters, Dereliction of Duty, p. 108. At 1440, the destroyer detected three North Vietnamese patrol boats approaching her position from the west. 5051. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution passed by the United States Congress in 1964 that gave 36th President of the United States, Lyndon B Johnson, the authority to deploy military forces in Southeast Asia without formally declaring war. voters who did not agree with noisy protests such as those of the 1968 Democratic National Convention. 14. In fact, the Gulf of Tonkin incident, as it became known, turned out to be a fictitious creation courtesy of the government to escalate war in Vietnam leading to the deaths of tens of thousands of U.S. troops and millions of Vietnamese, fomenting the largest anti-war movement in American history, and tarnishing . Both ships began firing at what they thought were torpedo boats, and again they sought air support. "28, Johnson himself apparently had his own doubts about what happened in the Gulf on 4 August. Forty-eight hours earlier, on Aug. 2, two US destroyers on patrol in the Gulf of Tonkin the Maddox and the Turner Joy were attacked by North Vietnamese boats. Answer (1 of 8): Yes. 27. All of his policy decisions, foreign and domestic, were considered through the prism of the November vote. It was passed on August 7, 1964, by the U.S. Congress after an alleged attack on two U.S. naval destroyers stationed off the coast of Vietnam. On Friday night, as you probably know, we had four TP [sic] boats from [South] Vietnam, manned by [South] Vietnamese or other nationals, attack two islands, and we expended, oh, 1,000 rounds of ammunition of one kind or another against them. There were a number of key events in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident: The USS Maddox was sent to support the South Vietnamese mercenaries. . An intercepted SIGINT message, apparently from one of the patrol boats, reported: "Shot down two planes in the battle area. The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam d. 1 See answer Advertisement mahak08 Stockdale reported seeing no torpedo boats. No actual sightings by "Maddox". But the reports were false and the president knew it. Almost immediately upon taking the helm in Vietnam, Westmoreland called for greater troop strength throughout South Vietnam. On August 2, it was attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats. On August 2nd, 1964, the USS Maddox destroyer was supposedly conducting reconnaissance in the Gulf of Tonkin when fired upon by North Vietnamese forces in Swatow gunboats. Both houses of Congress passed the resolution on August 7, the House of Representatives by 414 votes to nil, and the Senate by a vote of 88 to 2. a woman's right to choose in the first trimester. The Maddox nevertheless reported at 2040 that she was tracking unidentified vessels. The South Vietnameseconducted OPLAN 34A raids and the U.S. Navy's Desoto patrols could be perceived as collaborative efforts against North Vietnamese targets. In these shorter essays, you are expected to make a strong argument about a specific week's readings, and to support this argument with theoretical and empirical evidence. Lieutenant Commander Paterson is a foreign area officer and former history instructor at the U.S. Codenamed Operations Plan (OPLAN) 34A, the activities were conceived and overseen by the Department of Defense, with the support of the Central Intelligence Agency, and carried out by the South Vietnamese Navy. The president agreed and ordered Operation Pierce Arrow, an airstrike on North Vietnamese mainland targets. She retired Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Fill each blank with the word from the list below that best fits the context. Carter's campaign focused less on issues than on his background as a hardworking, honest, Southern Baptist southerner, All of the following led to the economic development of the Sun Belt EXCEPT. August 5, 2014. The targets were military or directly applicable to the North Vietnamese ability to wage war on South Vietnam. 20. Pierce-Arrow was a limited airstrike on North Vietnamese targets on August 5, 1964. Jim and Sybil Stockdale, In Love and War (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1990, rev. CIA Director John McCone answered matter-of-factly, "No, the North Vietnamese are reacting defensively to our attacks on their offshore islands . In addition, even though the losses from bombing could and usually were significant, the North Vietnamese often gained a morale boost when they would shoot an American bomber out of the sky. Gulf of Tonkin incident, complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy of the U.S. In his speech, he outlined his intent to retaliate and would formally request from Congress the power to take such action. Sign up to get updates about new releases and event invitations. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT Served as justification for the assassination of Ngo Diem Resulted from a minor naval conflict The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam Subscribe now and never hit a limit. Suggest complete evaluation before any further action taken.. 12. The military build-up that had been piecemeal would rise in earnest over the next four years and impact a generation for decades to come. The papers, more than 140 of them classified top secret, include phone transcripts, oral-history interviews, signals intelligence (SIGINT) messages, and chronologies of the Tonkin events developed by Department of Defense and NSA officials. HOPE THIS HELPS YOU. 30. Furthermore, the evidence suggests a disturbing and deliberate attempt by Secretary of Defense McNamara to distort the evidence and mislead Congress. After missions in December 1962 and April of the next year, patrols were scheduled for 1964 in the vicinity of OPLAN 34A raids. Seventh Fleet and that led to the Gulf of Tonkin. That night, the South Vietnamese staged more OPLAN 34A raids. TURNER JOY reports two torpedoes passed near her.14, McNamara phoned Sharp at 1608 Washington time to talk it over and asked, "Was there a possibility that there had been no attack?" A. . Answer. By the night of August 4, the U.S. military had intercepted North Vietnamese communications that led officials to believe that a North Vietnamese attack on its destroyers was being planned. Can the omission of evidence by McNamara be forgiven? Aware of North Vietnamese intent from the earlier SIGINT message, Captain Herrick ordered gun crews to open fire if the fast-approaching trio closed to within 10,000 yards of the destroyer, and at about 1505 three 5-inch shots were fired across the bow of the closest boat. What was true about the gulf tonkin incident? This site requires JavaScript to run correctly. What power did the Gulf of Tonkin give the President? Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 13. On 30 May 2006, NSA released the second and final installment of Gulf of Tonkin materials. What is the importance of the Gulf on Tonkin? President Jonson took these claims to Congress which subsequently passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. Maddox and the U.S.S. "18, Back on board the Ticonderoga, Commander Stockdale had been ordered to prepare to launch an air strike against the North Vietnamese targets for their "attacks" of the previous evening. Financial and material aid was increased. What is the Gulf of Tonkin incident and why is it controversial? What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident? In July 1964, Lieutenant General William C. Westmoreland, commander of the U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, shifted the operation's tactics from commando attacks on land to shore bombardments using mortars, rockets, and recoilless rifles fired from South Vietnamese patrol boats.1, The U.S. Navy, meanwhile, had been conducting occasional reconnaissance and SIGINT-gathering missions farther offshore in the Tonkin Gulf. Reduce the president's ability to wage war without congressional consen Non-subscribers can read five free Naval History articles per month. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPTa. Several hours later, Captain John Herrick of the Maddox, after reviewing the events, sent the message, Review of action makes many reported contacts and torpedoes fired appear doubtful. These new documents and tapes reveal what historians could not prove: There was not a second attack on U.S. Navy ships in the Tonkin Gulf in early August 1964. 29. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT c. The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam 1. In the meantime, as a demonstration of presence and power, The Maddox was joined by the USS Turner Joy. (20) The more astute cardboard-roll hangers wait until they have been placed in the closet, out of view, before they collapse. B. He admitted that the new SIGINT intercept "pins it down better than anything so far. 22. On the night of 30-31 July, the destroyer was on station in the Gulf of Tonkin when a 34A raid was launched against Hon Me Island. , your opinion; it must be well-reasoned and backed up it has to be ( 3 to 4 pages long) by reconstructing the arguments and ideas from the readings. Seventh Fleet and that led to the Gulf of . 1. Have interviewed witnesses who made positive visual sightings of cockpit lights or similar passing near MADDOX. In making your definition, discuss and highlight what you think is the most It was certainly convenient as a reason for expanding American involvement in the Vietnam War. It was the basis for the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which committed major American forces to the war in Vietnam. When asked by a reporter if he knew of any confrontations between the South and North Vietnamese navies, he responded: "No, none that I know of. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident was a pair of alleged attacks by North Vietnamese gunboats on two American destroyers in August of 1964 in the Gulf of Tonkin. In addition to the difficult detection conditions, the Maddox's SPS-40 long-range air-search radar and the Turner Joy's SPG-53 fire-control radar were both inoperative.9 That night, Herrick had the two ships move out to sea to give themselves maneuver space in case of attack. Explanation: President Lyndon Johnson utilized the Gulf of Tonkin occurrence to enlarge the war. Army Colonel H. R. McMaster, author of the highly acclaimed 1997 book Dereliction of Duty, accused Johnson and McNamara of outright deception: To enhance his chances for election, [Johnson] and McNamara deceived the American people and Congress about events and the nature of the American commitment in Vietnam. What was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and why was it important? Overhead, meanwhile, four F8 Crusaders that the Maddox had called in earlier from the USS Ticonderoga (CVA-14) were rapidly approaching. He reported later, "I had the best seat in the house to watch that event and our destroyers were just shooting at phantom targetsthere were no PT boats there . In return, the lead vessel launched a torpedo and veered away. However, the initial incidents have stirred up great controversy given the varying accounts of the While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and President Johnson were both convinced of the reality of the second attack, however, and thus they asked Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. U.S. Grant Sharp and David Burchinal telephone call, 04 August 1964 at 5:23 PM, from the DOD National Military Command Center (NMCC), recording provided by the Lyndon B. Johnson Library and Museum. C. She asked free Black people to pose as enslaved servants in 3 What power did the Gulf of Tonkin give the President? I, Vietnam 1964 (section 278). The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a brief confrontation between United States and North Vietnamese warships, off the coast of northern Vietnam in August 1964. The attacks were unprovoked. She participated extensively in the Vietnam War, and was one of the principal ships involved in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. None of these communications occurred on the night of 4 August. The Kerner Commission explained urban riots as the result of which of the following, Black frustration with the hopelessness of urban poverty, The Stonewall incident that catalyzed the gay rights movement occurred when __________, Bar patrons in New York City protested a police raid. . Other vital intercepts mysteriously disappeared. . The National Security Agency originally claimed that another sea battle, the Second Gulf of Tonkin incident, occurred on August 4, 1964, but instead evidence was found of "Tonkin ghosts" (false radar images) and not actual North Vietnamese torpedo boats. As the battle continued, he realized the "attacks" were actually the results of "overeager sonar operators" and poor equipment performance. And six decades ago, so the histories of those years have it, a small group of Norwegian seamen were entangled in a presidential deceit that led to an earlyand bloodyturning point in the Vietnam war. Late that night, radar images on the C. Turner Joy indicated that they were being approached by speeding vessels. The superiors and subordinates of fbl inc., a swedish . The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, in 1964, was a major turning point in United States military involvement in Vietnam. However the human race LOVEs . It also declared that the maintenance of international peace and security in Southeast Asia was vital to American interests and to world peace. 5-8; Andrade and Conboy, "The Secret Side.". They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 6. New York, Columbia University Press, 2011. After receiving information that there was an unprovoked attack in the Gulf of Tonkin, the United States entered the Vietnam War on August 14, 1964. On 28 July, the Maddox sortied from Taiwan en route to her Desoto patrol station. Unlike much else that followed, this incident is undisputed, although no one from the US government ever admitted publicly that the attack was likely provoked by its covert actions. Was the Gulf of Tonkin incident staged USS Maddox On November 22, 1963, John Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. On board the ship, Commander, Destroyer Division 192, Captain John J. Herrick ordered the vessel out to sea, hoping to avoid a confrontation. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution was also called USS Maddox incident. Suggest complete evaluation before any further action taken."13. What should have stood out to the U.S. leadership collecting all the data of these attacks was that, with the exception of the battle report, no other SIGINT "chatter" was detected during the attacks on 4 August. The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks. Among the most revealing documents is a study of the Gulf of Tonkin incidents by NSA historian Robert J. Hanyok. On 3 August, the CIA confirmed that "Hanoi's naval units have displayed increasing sensitivity to U.S. and South Vietnamese naval activity in the Gulf of Tonkin during the past several months." 4 Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara, directed by Errol Morris, Sony Pictures, 2003. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. The Maddox called in air support from a nearby carrier, the Ticonderoga. In contrast, during the 2 August attack NSA listening posts monitored VHF communications between North Vietnamese vessels, HF communications between higher headquarters in Hanoi and the boats, and communication relays to the regional naval station. Funny how no one mentions the fact the Gulf Of Tonkin incident, the false flag event that 'justified' the Vietnam war. Initial successes, however, were limited; numerous South Vietnamese raiders were captured, and OPLAN 34A units suffered heavy casualties. At roughly the same time, the USS Maddox engaged in electronic surveillance also in the Gulf. money and clothing 4, Summer 2004, p. 75. She recruited other Unionists, including government clerks Confederate leaders' households. Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History (New York: Penguin Books, 1983) p. 372. McMasters, Dereliction of Duty, p. 134. On hearing of the authorization's passage by both houses of Congress, the delighted President remarked that the resolution "was like Grandma's nightshirt. McMasters, Dereliction of Duty, p. 119; Stockdale, In Love and War, p. 19. Finally, as part of his strategy to aid South Vietnam without sending in high numbers of troops, Johnson approved more covert operations against North Vietnam. She hired former Confederate soldiers to gather information from 2. Hanyok conducted a comprehensive analysis of SIGINT records from the nights of the attacks and concluded that there was indeed an attack on 2 August but the attack on the 4th did not occur, despite claims to the contrary by President Johnson and Secretary McNamara. "16 Amid all the other confusion and growing doubt about the attack, this battle report was a compelling piece of evidence. On 4 August 1964 two U.S. destroyers were again in the middle of the Gulf of Tonkin. It was in fact a more detailed report about the action on August 2, and there had not actually been an attack on August 4. Anderson, David L., Editor. naval event, Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of Vietnam [1964]. Specially equipped with a communications intercept van and 17 SIGINT specialists, she was to patrol in international waters off the North Vietnamese coast, from the demilitarized zone (DMZ) north to the Chinese border. But no declassified information had suggested that McNamara, Johnson, or anyone else in the decision-making process had intentionally misinterpreted the intelligence concerning the 4 August incident. President Johnson acted before all the facts became known. Gulf of Tonkin incident The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy of the U.S. "22, Almost 90 percent of the SIGINT intercepts that would have provided a conflicting account were kept out of the reports sent to the Pentagon and White House. At the same time, the Vietnamese navy was undertaking a mission under the oversight of the U.S. Department of Defense to attack radar stations, bridges, and other such targets along North Vietnams coasts. The following night, August 3 three more MACV-SOG vessels attacked targets on the mainland of North Vietnam. Freak weather effects on radar and overeager sonarmen may have accounted for many reports. He sent a flash (highest priority) message to Honolulu, which was received in Washington at 1327 on 4 August, declaring his doubts: "Review of action makes many reported contacts and torpedoes fired appear doubtful. The events between July 30 and August 10, 1964, are viewed as the tipping point of American involvement in Vietnam. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution effectively launched America's full-scale involvement in the Vietnam War. Fifty years ago, in what came to be known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, North Vietnamese patrol boats attacked the U.S.S. The opinions expressed within the documents in both releases are those of the authors and individuals interviewed. This group consisted of Army Special Forces, Navy Seals, and CIA operatives, among other covert entities. But the US bombing of North Vietnam on August 4, 1964, in retaliation for an alleged naval attack that never happened, was not a move by LBJ to pave the way for war in Vietnam. 31. The Gulf of Tonkin incident is the name given to two separate confrontations involving North Vietnam and the United States in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution authorized President Lyndon Johnson to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further. It was the beginning of the United States air assault against North Vietnam that lasted until the end of the war. 17. 278. Who was the leader of the movement to stop the Equal Rights Amendment? The administration's zeal for aggressive action, motivated by President Johnson's election worries, created an atmosphere of recklessness and overenthusiasm in which it became easy to draw conclusions based on scanty evidence and to overlook normally prudent precautionary measures. [T]hey operate on their own. In Hawaii, Pacific Fleet Commander-in-Chief Admiral U. S. Grant Sharp was receiving Captain Herrick's reports by flash message traffic, not voice reports. In the ensuing firefight, one of the torpedo boats was badly damaged, but the Maddox escaped harm. The US Navy destroyer had shipping container on its decked fitted out with electronic monitoring equipment gathering radio/radar (signals intelligence) information on North Vietnam. A few days after the Tonkin Gulf Resolution was passed, he commented, "Hell, those damn, stupid sailors were just shooting at flying fish. Instead, it's believed that the crewmembers of the Maddox mistook their own sonar . The resolution was introduced in response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, during which two US naval ships were allegedly attacked by North . 1964 promised to be a volatile year in an already charged arena. Si une phrase est fausse, corrigez-la. It covers everything. The resolution served as the principal constitutional authorization for the subsequent vast escalation of the United States military involvement in the Vietnam War. What was the primary guiding principle of Carter's foreign policy during his early years in office? "25, Later that day, Secretary McNamara lied when he denied knowledge of the provocative 34A patrols at a Pentagon news conference. D. President Johnson acted before all the facts became known. What were the key events in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident? Jim and Sybil Stockdale, In Love and War (New York: Harper and Row, 1984), p. 23. Calls between the Joint Chiefs of Staff; the National Military Command Center; headquarters of the Commander in Chief, Pacific; and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara were frequently exchanged during the phantom battle. Corrections? What was the most significant impact of the Gulf of Tonkin resolution? On August 2, 1964 the USS Maddox was on DEOSTO Patrol in international waters off North Vietnam. Congress concluded that it had been caused by China. "29, During comments to reporters on 6 August, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara lied when he denied knowledge of the nature of the provocative OPLAN 34A raids, which were organized and overseen by his department. President Johnson acted before all the facts became known, and caused the US to be more involved with Vietnam. . OD. and What was the intention of the War Powers Resolution? McNamara again eluded the question, "They have advanced closer and closer to the 17th parallel, and in some cases, I think they have moved beyond that in an effort to stop the infiltration closer to the point of origin."26. The incident was utilized by the Johnson Administration to publicly justify and escalate military operations in the region. McNamara instead declared that "our Navy played absolutely no part in, was not associated with, was not aware of, any South Vietnamese actions, if there were any. Torpedo boats and fuel storage facilities were destroyed. They are part of the South Vietnamese Navy . The Maddox, on patrol in the area but probably unaware of the raids that had taken place, observed torpedo boats sent out in pursuit of the South Vietnamese vessels and thus withdrew, but it returned on August 1. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Facts - 14: Captain John J. Herrick sent a message that raised doubts about the August 4 incident which said, "Review of action makes reported contacts and torpedoes fired appear doubtful.Freak weather reports and over-eager sonar men may have accounted for many reports. No, that's not true. We sacrificed two comrades but all the rest are okay. Naval Academy. All of the enemy boats were heading northwest at about 40 knots, two in front of the third by about a mile. Besides the situation in Vietnam, Johnson was very concerned with the upcoming election of 1964. 26. . The US has form for this kind of "fabricated" naval incident (see 2 and 3 above) say theorists, referring back to the second Tonkin Gulf incident in which the US is alleged to have faked a naval clash with the North Vietnamese navy. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 3. According to Hanyok, "SIGINT information was presented in such a manner as to preclude responsible decision makers in the Johnson Administration from having the complete and objective narrative of events of 04 August 1964."24. Although the raid was successful (the oil depot was completely destroyed and 33 of 35 vessels were hit), two American aircraft were shot down; one pilot was killed and the second captured.20, On 7 August, Congress, with near unanimity, approved the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which President Johnson signed into law three days later. Served as justification for the assassination of Ngo Diem b. 16. From the point of view of the Maddox, the attack had been unprovoked, though North Vietnam was under the impression that the Maddox had been involved in the raids on Hon Me and Hon Ngu islands. www.WhiteHouseTapes.org. . (19) Immediately after placing a load upon the hanger, however minuscule, the cardboard tube collapses into its natural equilibrium-the classic V-shape. Although the U.S. destroyers were operating more than 100 miles from the North Vietnamese coastline, the approaching vessels seemed to come at the ships from multiple directions, some from the northeast, others from the southwest. Gunfire and torpedoes were exchanged while F-8 fighters from USS Ticonderoga (CVA-14) raced to the scene. On August 2, 1964, the U.S. destroyer USS Maddox was performing its intelligence-gathering mission in the Gulf of Tonkin. Libby Prison. Ill give more brainly points, Which statement best illustrates how Elizabeth Van Lew was able to organize 8. On November 22, 1963, John Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. John Prados, "Tonkin Gulf Intelligence 'Skewed' According to Official History and Intercepts," National Security Agency Electronic Briefing Book, no. No approval or oversight of military force was required by Congress, essentially eliminating the system of checks and balances so fundamental to the U.S. Constitution. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT a. a spy ring? At 0248 in the Gulf, Herrick sent another report in which he changed his previous story: Certain that original ambush was bonafide. Robert McNamara, In Retrospect (New York: Vintage, 1996) p. 133. The film won the Academy Award for best documentary feature for 2003. D. food and medical care Its stated purpose was to approve and support the determination of the president, as commander in chief, in taking all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression. By the time the destroyers broke off their "counterattack," they had fired 249 5-inch shells, 123 3-inch shells, and four or five depth charges.10, Commander Stockdale was again in the action, this time alone. He is currently assigned as the Andean Ridge and Southern Cone Desk officer at U.S. We may never know the whole truth behind the Tonkin events and the motivations of those involved. Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as president later that day. Rather than being on a routine patrol Aug. 2, the U.S. destroyer Maddox was actually engaged in aggressive intelligence-gathering maneuvers in sync with coordinated attacks on North Vietnam by the South Vietnamese navy and the Laotian air force.
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